Narration বা উক্তি কাকে বলে?

Narration বা উক্তি এর অর্থ বর্ণনা; বিবরণ; কাহিনী কথন; বৃত্তান্ত; গল্প উক্তি।

Ashik Khan Notun

Narration is nothing but the direct or indirect speech of the speaker.

Dr. Sazzat Hossain

A speech of an orator is called Narration.

Fardeen Islam Sagar

 

Narration প্রধানত ০২ (দুই) প্রকার।

১. Direct Narration.

২. Indirect Narration.

 

Direct Narration কাকে বলে?

বক্তার উক্তিকে অবিকল তার নিজের ভাষায় ব্যক্ত করাকে Direct Speech বা Direct Narration বলে।

যেমন:

• Salam said to me, “I will go“

 

Indirect Narration কাকে বলে?

বক্তার উক্তিকে হুবহু উব্দৃত না করে অর্থ  ঠিক রেখে অন্যের ভাষায় পরোক্ষভাবে প্রকাশ করাকে Indirect Speech/Narration বলে।

যেমন:

• Salam told me that he would go.

 

✔️Direct Speech এ যে অংশটুকু নিজে বলে তার Verb কে Reporting Verb বলে।

যেমন: 

• Rana said to Mina, ” I go to park”

 

✔️Direct speech এ inverted comma এর ভেতরে অংশকে Reporting speech বলে।

যেমন:

• Rana said to Mina, “I go to park”

 

Narration এ Person পরিবর্তন করার সহজ নিয়ম

Direct Narration থেকে  Indirect Narration করার সময় Reported Speech এর Person পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম।

 

1. First Person ( I, me, my, we, us, our, mine, ours) Reporting Verb এর Subject অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।

2. ‍Second Person ( You, your, yours) Reporting Verb এর Object অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।

3. Third Person ( He, She, him, his, her, Rahim) এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

 

Direct: The women said,” we are discussing our problem.”

Indirect: The women said that they were discussing their problems.

Direct: Rima said to Mina, ” I can do my homework”

Indirect: Rima told Mina that she could do her homework.”

 

✍️Note: Reported Speech এর Subject ” We” যদি মানবজাতিকে নির্দেশ করে বা বক্তা এবং যাকে উদ্দেশ্য করে বলা হয়, তাদের দুজনকে বুঝায়, সেক্ষেত্রে Indirect Narration এ উহা অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

যেমন:

Direct: My grandfather said, “We will all die”

Indirect: My grandfather said that we would all die.

Direct: My friend said to me, ” We should respect our parents.”

Indirect: My friend told me that we should respect our parents.

 

✍️Reported Speech এর ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত Second person (you, your, yours) reporting verb এর Object এর person ও Gender হিসাবে পরিবর্তিত হয়।

যেমন:

Direct: My mother said to me, ” you do not do your duty.”

Indirect: My father told me that I did not do my duty.

 

✍️Reported speech এর অন্তর্গত third person( he. she. they, her, name, them, his, their, hers, theirs) Indirect Narration এ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

যেমন:

Direct: They said to us, “Samira can sing well.”

Indirect: They told us that Samira could sing well.

 

কখনো কখনো Exclamatory sentence অসম্পুর্ন থাকে (Subject এবং verb থাকে না)। সেক্ষেত্রে Indirect Narration এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় first person(I/me) ব্যবহার করা শ্রেয়।

যেমন:

Direct: She said, “Liar!”

Indirect: She called me liar.

Direct: She said, ” Congratulation.”

Indirect: She congratulated me.

 

1. Assertive Sentence এ Says to/ say to/ said to থাকলে তা উঠে যথাক্রমে Tells/tell/ told হবে।
2. Interrogative sentence এ says to/ say to/ said to থাকলে তা উঠে যথাক্রমে asks/ ask/ asked হবে।
3. Imperative sentence says to / say to/ said to থাকলে তা উঠে যথাক্রমে requests/ request/ requested (order/advise/ tell) হবে।
4. Optative sentence এ ‍says to/ say to/ said to থাকলে তা উঠে যথাক্রমে prays/ pray/ prayed/ wished হবে।
5. Exclamatory sentence এ ‍says/ say/ said থাকলে তা উঠে যথাক্রমে exclaims/ exclaim/ exclaimed with joy or sorrow হবে।

 

Narration এর Words/ Phrases পরিবর্তনের কিছু নিয়ম

Direct speech কে  Indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় নৈকট্যবাচক words/phrase দূরত্ববাচক word/phrase এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।

[su_table responsive=”yes”]

Now হলে	then হবে
Here হলে	there হবে
This হলে	that হবে
These হলে	those হবে
Ago হলে	before হবে
Hence হলে	thence হবে
Hither হলে	thither হবে
Thus হলে	so/ in that way হবে
Come হলে	go হবে
Today হলে	that day হবে
This day হলে	that day হবে
To night হলে	that night হবে
Tomorrow হলে	the next day/ the following day হবে
Yesterday হলে	the previous day/ the day before হবে
Last night/week হলে	the night before/ the before night/ week হবে
Next day/ week/ year হলে	the night before/ the previous night/ week হবে
Next day/ week/ year হলে	the following day/ week/ year/ month হবে
Yesterday morning/ afternoon evening হলে	the previous morning/ afternoon/ evening হবে

[/su_table]

 

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Passage Narration পরিবর্তনের সহজ কিছু নিয়ম

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Narration এ Tenses পরিবর্তনের কিছু নিয়ম

Rule-1:

Reporting verb এর Tense present বা future হলে reported speech এর verb এর tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

example:

Direct: Ador says, ” I have done my duty”

Indirect: Ador sys that he has done his duty. 

Direct: Rina says, ” I will do the sum”

Indirect: Rina says that she will do the sum

 

Rule- 2:

Reporting verb past tense এর হলে reported speech এর verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে corresponding (অনুরুপ) Past tense হয়। 

Present indefinite to Past Indefinite 

যেমন:

Direct: He said , ” I eat rice.”

Indirect: He said that he ate rice.

Direct: Rina says, ” I play football”

Indirect: Hasan said that he played football.

 

Present Continues to Past continues

যেমন:

Direct: Apu said, ” I am going to market”

Indirect: Apu said that he was going to market. 

 

Present Perfect to Past Perfect

যেমন:

Direct: He said, ” I wrote a letter”

Indirect: He said that he had written a letter.

 

Present perfect Continues to past perfect continues

যেমন:

Direct: He said, ” I have been eating hot dot”

Indirect: He said that he had been eating hot dog.

 

Past Indefinite to Past Perfect

যেমন:

Direct: He said, ” I wrote a book”

Indirect: He said that he had been written a book.

 

Past Continues to past perfect continues

যেমন:

Direct: He said, ” I was writing a book”

Indirect: He said that he had been written a book.

 

Past perfect to Past perfect (require no change)

যেমন:

Direct: He said, ” I had eaten rice”

Indirect: He said that he had eaten rice.

 

Past perfect Continues to Past perfect Continuous

যেমন:

Direct: Khairul said, ” I had been sleeping a sound sheep.

Indirect: khairul said that he had been sleeping a sound sleep.

 

Direct Narration পরিবর্তনের আরো কিছু নিয়ম

Rule-1:

Direct Narration এ Reported speech এর মুলভাব verb এর পূর্বে যদি ‍shall, will, can, may make (causative হিসাবে) Let, dare (সাহস করা) থাকে, তাহলে এগুলোর tense  পরিবর্তিত হলেও এদের পরবর্তি মূল Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

যেমন:

Direct: He said to me, ” I shall do it”

Indirect: He told me that he would do it.

Note: Direct Narration এ Reported speech এ মুল verb এর পূর্বে ব্যবহৃত could, might, ought to এবং used to, indirect narration এ অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

যেমন:

Direct: Gita said, ” I could give you some money on loan”

Indirect: Gita said that she could give me some money on loan.

 

Rule-2:

Reported speech এ must এবং Reporting verb past tense হলেও Indirect speech এ Must এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না। আবার চিরকালিন বাধ্যবাধকতা না বোঝালে Must এর পরিবর্তে had to ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।

যেমন:

Direct: Kalim said, ” I must go there”

Indirect: Kalim said that he had to go there.

 

Rule- 3:

Reported speech যদি কোন চিরন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত সত্য প্রকাশ করে তাহলে Reporting verb এর Tense যাই হোক না কেন reported speech এর verb এর tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

যেমন:

Direct: The old man said, “Necessity knows no law.”

Indirect: The old man said that necessity knows no law.

 

Rule-4:

Verbs expressing improbable or impossible condition remain unchanged.

যেমন:

Direct: He said, ” if I had gone the market I would have seen you”

Indirect: He said that if he had gone to the market he would have seen me.

 

Rule-5:

Would rather/ would sooner/ had better remain unchanged.

যেমন:

Direct: He said, ” you had better go”

Indirect: He advised that I had better go.

 

Rule-6:

Present Continues used as a future form becomes would be+ present participle.

যেমন:

Direct: He said, ” I am seeing the dentist next week.”

Indirect: He said that he would be seeing the dentist the following week.

 

Rule-7:

Simple present used as a future form becomes Would + infinitive, not simple past.

যেমন:

Direct: He said, ” My father leaves for London tomorrow.

Indirect: He said that his father would leave for London the next day.

 

Rule-8:

Direct speech এ Thank You থাকলে তাকে Indirect করার নিয়ম।

গঠন: Reporting verb এর Subject+ thank/ thanked + reporting verb এর object.

যেমন:

Direct: Shovo said to me, ” thank you”

Indirect: Shovo thanked me.

 

Rule-9:

Good bye যুক্ত Direct speech কে Indirect করার নিয়ম:

গঠন: Reporting verb… subject + bid/bade + object + good-bye.

যেমন:

Direct: Zinni said. ” Good bye my friend”

Indirect: Zinni bade her friends good bye.

 

Rule-10:

Direct speech এ Good morning/ Good evening/ Good night থাকলে Indirect করার নিয়ম:

গঠন: Reporting verb এর subject + wish/wished + object + Good moring/ good evening good night.

যেমন:

Direct: Chaiti said to him, ” Good morning”

Indirect: Chaiti wished him good moring.